A new Advanced Persistent Threat (APT) campaign, dubbed Earth Krahang, has emerged with a focus on infiltrating government entities across the globe.
This campaign, active since early 2022, has been linked to a China-nexus threat actor, previously identified as Earth Lusca. Despite similarities, Earth Krahang operates with distinct infrastructure and employs unique backdoors, suggesting it’s a separate entity.
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This report delves into Earth Krahang’s tactics, techniques, and procedures (TTPs), shedding light on its operations and their implications for global cybersecurity.
Tactics and Techniques
Earth Krahang’s modus operandi includes exploiting vulnerabilities in public-facing servers and utilizing spear-phishing emails to deliver novel backdoors.
The campaign has shown a penchant for commandeering government infrastructure to launch further attacks, leveraging this access to host malicious payloads and facilitate cyber espionage.
Notably, Earth Krahang has exploited vulnerabilities such as CVE-2023-32315 and CVE-2022-21587 to gain unauthorized access and deploy malware.
Spear-phishing remains a critical vector for Earth Krahang. Emails crafted to entice targets into executing malicious files are often crafted using geopolitical themes, indicating a strategic choice of lures.
Earth Krahang conducts brute force attacks on Exchange servers via Outlook on the web, vulnerability scanning to find web server vulnerabilities, and injecting backdoors.
According to Trend Micro report, The campaign’s reconnaissance efforts are thorough, with an extensive collection of email addresses from targeted entities to maximize the reach of their phishing attempts.
Exploitation and Post-Exploitation
Upon gaining initial access, Earth Krahang employs a variety of tools and techniques to maintain presence and exploit compromised networks.
The use of SoftEther VPN on public-facing servers is a notable tactic, enabling the threat actor to infiltrate victim networks deeply. Post-exploitation activities include enabling remote desktop connections, credential dumping, and lateral movement within networks to access sensitive information.
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Malware Arsenal
Earth Krahang’s toolkit includes several malware families, with Cobalt Strike, RESHELL, and XDealer being prominent. RESHELL, a simple .NET backdoor, and XDealer, a more sophisticated backdoor with versions for both Windows and Linux, are key to the campaign’s initial foothold in target systems.
The evolution of XDealer, evidenced by various versions identified, indicates active development and customization by the threat actor.
Victimology and Attribution
The campaign has targeted approximately 70 victims across 23 countries, primarily focusing on government organizations. The wide geographic spread of targets underscores Earth Krahang’s global ambitions.
While direct attribution is challenging, connections to the China-nexus threat actor Earth Lusca and potential links to the Chinese company I-Soon suggest a coordinated effort possibly backed by state-sponsored actors.
Earth Krahang represents a sophisticated and persistent cyber threat that clearly focuses on government entities and the exploitation of government infrastructure for cyber espionage. The campaign’s unique malware families and tactics highlights the need for robust cybersecurity defenses and awareness.
Organizations, especially those within government sectors, are advised to adopt stringent security measures, including regular software updates, employee education on social engineering attacks, and implementing multi-factor authentication to mitigate the risk of compromise.
Earth Krahang’s evolving tactics and tools necessitate continuous vigilance and adaptation in cybersecurity strategies to protect sensitive information and infrastructure from these advanced threats.
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