Your streaming box might not look like much of a computer. But connect enough inexpensive devices together, and they can run an AI model.
Researchers at Anthropic demonstrated this by running a Google Gemma model across 15 off-brand Android TV boxes. They warn that small models could soon spread across vulnerable internet-of-things (IoT) devices, including smart ovens and TV boxes, stating:
“Our experiments suggest that small AI models may be months away from being capable enough to self-replicate on commercial internet-of-things (IoT) devices, like smart ovens and off-brand Android TV boxes.”
In this scenario, AI isn’t simply helping an attacker write malicious code. It becomes part of the software carrying out the replication.
Anthropic breaks that process into four stages:
- Find another device.
- Gain the ability to execute code on it.
- Set up the software needed to run an AI model.
- Continue spreading from the new host.
The researchers tested whether AI agents could complete this sequence. They did not demonstrate a small model spreading and running independently on compromised household devices.
The tests used Android emulators with unauthenticated debugging access, making it much easier for the agents to gain access than it would be on properly secured devices. Large file transfers and sustained communication between devices could make real-world replication easier to detect, while limited computing power could slow it. Crucially, the experiments did not demonstrate a model that was both capable enough to complete the replication process and small enough to run on the consumer hardware being targeted.
Anthropic projects that smaller models could reach the necessary capability by the end of 2026 if improvement continues at its historical rate.
Varun Chandrasekaran, an assistant professor at the University of Illinois, told AFP that the findings were consistent with related research but cautioned that Anthropic’s work had not been independently verified. He identified people using AI to improve attacks as the bigger current threat, rather than AI systems going rogue.
Smart-device botnets are already a problem.
Criminals hijacking connected devices is nothing new. Mirai and its descendants have recruited routers, security cameras, and digital video recorders into botnets used to launch distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attacks, overwhelming services with traffic. BADBOX 2.0 illustrates another form of abuse: compromised consumer devices used for activities including residential proxy services, which route other people’s traffic through victims’ internet connections.
Neither demonstrates autonomous AI replication, but both show that connected devices can become infrastructure for criminals.
What you can do now
The practical response is to reduce the opportunities for any attacker to misuse your connected devices:
- Keep operating systems, software, and firmware up to date to reduce exposure to known vulnerabilities.
- Buy from reputable vendors that provide ongoing firmware and security updates. A bargain device is less attractive if you cannot trust its software or obtain security fixes.
- Avoid unofficial app stores promising free streaming content. The FBI specifically flags these marketplaces in its BADBOX 2.0 guidance.
- Don’t disable protections to make an app work. Requests to turn off Google Play Protect are a warning sign, as are Android devices without Play Protect certification.
- If you notice something suspicious, disconnect the device from your network while you investigate.
- Put smart devices that are unable to run security software on a separate network isolated from your computers and phones, such as a guest network.
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